Dynamic edge network management of vehicular traffic

ABSTRACT

A method includes determining that a prioritized vehicle plans to traverse an intersection and receiving sensor data from a plurality of sources in a vicinity of the intersection. The method also includes, based on the sensor data, determining a traffic solution to enable the prioritized vehicle to traverse the intersection, the traffic solution identifying a traffic lane and, based on the traffic solution, controlling a traffic light to cause traffic in the traffic lane to disperse and controlling a second traffic light to instruct traffic in an adjacent traffic lane to stop. The method includes instructing the prioritized vehicle to travel via the traffic lane. The traffic in the traffic lane and the traffic in the adjacent traffic lane are traveling in a same direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/157,515, filed Jan. 25, 2021, which claimspriority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/541,984, filed Aug. 15, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,957,191 onMar. 23, 2021, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/017,845, filed Jun. 25, 2018, issued asU.S. Pat. No. 10,424,196 on Sep. 24, 2019. All sections of theaforementioned applications and patents are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure is directed to vehicle traffic management and, morespecifically, to utilizing dynamic edge networks to control vehiculartraffic.

BACKGROUND

While cloud computing provides high processing power and resources toquickly solve complex computing problems, for time-sensitive, real-timeapplications, the delay in transmitting data to and from the remotelocations of server farms can render the data old—and the computedsolutions moot—by the time the solutions are delivered.

SUMMARY

One solution to the time-delay presented by traditional cloud computingis to use a dynamic edge network, selecting network resources based onphysical proximity to where the computed solution will be implemented.

Use of dynamic edge network resources can be implemented as part of atraffic control system that operates in real-time to identify trafficconditions, particularly traffic anomalies, and to direct autonomous orsemi-autonomous vehicles and/or traffic control signals to address thetraffic condition caused by this anomaly. Practical, real-lifeapplications include controlling traffic light systems to decreasetraffic blocking or slowing down an emergency response vehicle.

According to an aspect, this disclosure is directed toward a trafficcontrol system. The traffic control system may include an edge computingnode assigned to a geographic area comprising a vehicle intersection.The traffic control system may also include memory storing instructionsthat cause the edge computing node to effectuate operations. Theoperations may include determining that a first responder vehicle plansto traverse the vehicle intersection and receiving sensor data from aplurality of sources in a vicinity of the vehicle intersection. Theplurality of sources may include a roadway sensor and a camera. Theoperations may include, based on the sensor data, determining a trafficsolution to enable the first responder vehicle to traverse the vehicleintersection, the traffic solution identifying a first traffic lane. Theoperations may also include, based on the traffic solution, controllinga first traffic light to cause traffic in the first traffic lane todisperse and controlling a second traffic light to instruct traffic in asecond traffic lane to stop. The operations may also include, based onthe traffic solution, instructing an autonomous vehicle to switch to adesignated lane and instructing the first responder vehicle to travelvia the first traffic lane.

In an aspect, this disclosure is directed toward a method. The methodmay include determining that a prioritized vehicle plans to traverse anintersection and receiving sensor data from a plurality of sources in avicinity of the intersection. The method may also include, based on thesensor data, determining a traffic solution to enable the prioritizedvehicle to traverse the intersection, the traffic solution identifying atraffic lane and, based on the traffic solution, controlling a trafficlight to cause traffic in the traffic lane to disperse and controlling asecond traffic light to instruct traffic in an adjacent traffic lane tostop. The method may also include instructing the prioritized vehicle totravel via the traffic lane. The traffic in the traffic lane and thetraffic in the adjacent traffic lane may be traveling in a samedirection.

In an aspect, this disclosure is directed toward a nontransitory,computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause aprocessor executing the instructions to effectuate operations. Theoperations may include determining that a prioritized vehicle plans totraverse an intersection and receiving sensor data from a plurality ofsources in a vicinity of the intersection. The operations may alsoinclude based on the sensor data, determining a traffic solution toenable the prioritized vehicle to traverse the intersection. The trafficsolution may identify a traffic lane. The operations may also includebased on the traffic solution, controlling a traffic light to causetraffic in the traffic lane to disperse and controlling a second trafficlight to instruct traffic in an adjacent traffic lane to stop. Theoperations may include instructing the prioritized vehicle to travel viathe traffic lane. The traffic in the traffic lane and the traffic in theadjacent traffic lane may be traveling in a same direction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the herein described telecommunications network and systemsand methods for controlling vehicular traffic are described more fullywith reference to the accompanying drawings, which provide examples. Inthe following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding ofthe variations in implementing the disclosed technology. However, theinstant disclosure may take many different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the examples set forth herein. Where practical,like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an environment including a traffic controlsystem;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating an edgecomputing node of a traffic control system.

FIG. 3 is a schematic of an exemplary network device.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary communication system that provide wirelesstelecommunication services over wireless communication networks withwhich edge computing node may communicate.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary communication system that provide wirelesstelecommunication services over wireless communication networks withwhich edge computing node may communicate.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an exemplary telecommunications system in whichthe disclosed methods and processes may be implemented with which edgecomputing node may communicate.

FIG. 7 is an example system diagram of a radio access network and a corenetwork with which edge computing node may communicate.

FIG. 8 depicts an overall block diagram of an example packet-basedmobile cellular network environment, such as a general packet radioservice (GPRS) network, with which edge computing node may communicate.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary architecture of a GPRS network withwhich edge computing node may communicate.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an exemplary public land mobile network(PLMN) with which edge computing node may communicate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an exemplary geographic area 100 in which atraffic control system 102 operates to control traffic. Traffic controlsystem 102 may include an edge computing node 104 in communication withone or more sensors, such as a roadway sensor 106 and a traffic camera108, and a database 110 of vehicle profiles from which edge computingnode 104 can obtain traffic information. Traffic control system 102 maycommunicate with one or more traffic lights 112 and one or more vehicles113, such as a first responder vehicle 114 and an autonomous vehicle116, to control or direct traffic. In some implementations, trafficcontrol system 102 may also communicate with manned vehicles 118 toprovide instructions or information to drivers.

Edge computing node 104 may be part of a larger computing network(discussed in further detail below). Unlike traditional computingresources, edge computing node 104 may be assigned or designated to workwith data within a specific geographic area 100. Edge computing node 104may be located in or near its assigned geographic area 100. For example,a proximity between edge computing node 104 and geographic area 100 maybe less than 100 yards. The purpose of this proximity is to decrease anylatency between the collecting of sensor data at sensors 106, receipt ofthat sensor data at computing node 104, and the communication of trafficcontrols by traffic control system 102.

The geographic area 100 may include one or more segments of roadway,including but not limited to intersections. In FIG. 1, for example,geographic area 100 includes a portion of two roadways 120 and theirintersection 122. Each roadway 120 may have one or more traffic lanes124; each roadway 120 may be unidirectional or bidirectional. Forexample, in FIG. 1, both roadways 120 are bidirectional, allowingtraffic to travel in either direction of roadway 120. Further, roadways120 may include multiple lanes of same-direction traffic, as exemplifiedby lanes 124 a and 124 b directed west and, lanes 124 d-f directed east.Traffic lanes 124 may include turning lanes, like lane 124 c, andpartial lanes—those that begin or end at a different point than theiradjacent lanes, like lane 124 d. Other lane and intersectionconfigurations are contemplated as being within the scope of thisapplication, and the use of traffic control system 102 is not limited toany specific roadway configuration.

As mentioned above, traffic control system 102 may be in communicationwith one or more traffic lights 112. Such lights 112 includeconventional traffic lights, including those specially configured todirect turning traffic separately from traffic traveling straight alonga given lane 124. Each traffic light 112 may be controlled by trafficcontrol system 102 in conjunction with or independently of other trafficlights 112. For example, in some applications, traffic control system102 may control traffic lights 112 a and 112 b in synch with one anotherso that traffic exclusively traveling west is directed to stop or go atthe same time. In contrast, in other applications, traffic light 112 amay signal differently than traffic light 112 b.

Sensors 106 can include a variety of sensors, including but not limitedto roadway sensors that collect information indicative of the presence,speed, or volume of traffic. Sensors 106 can also include transceiversthat can receive or detect information being communicated by vehicles113, including vehicle identifying information, route information,vehicle behavior (e.g., braking, or accelerating), or the like. Cameras108 can include dedicated traffic cameras, stationary cameras, andcameras on certain equipped vehicles 103. Cameras 108 can also includecameras incorporated into mobile devices including, but not limited towearable cameras and mobile phones.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart for a method 200 of operating edge computing node104 traffic control system 102. At step 202, method 200 may includedetermining that a prioritized vehicle, such as first responder vehicle114, plans to traverse intersection 122. For example, traffic controlsystem 102 may receive a request or communication from first respondervehicle 114 indicating, more generally, a planned destination of firstresponder vehicle 114 or, more specifically, an identifier of the nextintersection 122 first responder vehicle 114 will traverse on its route.Additionally or alternatively, an external system, such as that of apolice station or other first responder entity, may identify trafficcontrol system 102 (or more specifically, edge computing node 104) basedon the planned route and current location of first responder vehicle 114and provide notification of the planned route of first responder vehicle114.

Step 202 may include confirming that first responder vehicle 114 isindeed a prioritized vehicle for which traffic control system 102 willmanipulate the traffic to expedite the trip of first responder vehicle114, perhaps at the expense of causing delay to other vehicles 112. Thismay include confirming the identity of first responder vehicle 114 basedon sensor data collected by camera 108 (or other sensors 106),confirming the identity based on communications directly with firstresponder vehicle 114, or confirming the identity with a third party,such as emergency dispatch. Edge computing node 104 may compare receivedinformation with a vehicle profile stored in database 110. Thisconfirmation may be particularly useful in circumstances where multiplefirst responder vehicles 114 are attempting to traverse intersection122, yet may have different routes or priorities.

Step 204 may include receiving sensor data from one or more sensors 106,including from camera 108. Edge computing node 108 may process oranalyze the sensor data to obtain an understanding of the specifictraffic environment. This processing may result in a mapping ofintersection 122, including information about the locations and movementof vehicles 113, particularly relative to first responder vehicle 114.The mapping could indicate, for example based on FIG. 1, that firstresponder vehicle is in the south-most lane of the two lanes withtraffic traveling west (e.g., lane 124 b) and is currently behind threeother vehicles 113. It may also indicate that these three other vehicles113 include one autonomous vehicle 116 and two manned vehicles 118. Morespecifically, the mapping could indicate that the vehicle directly infront of first responder vehicle 114, such as unmanned vehicle 118, iscurrently blocking both lanes 124 b and 124 c as it appears to bedesiring to turn left from lane 124 c. This mapping may be stored in anintersection profile of intersection 122, stored by database 110.

At step 204, based on the sensor data, edge computing node 104 maydetermine a traffic solution to enable first responder vehicle 114 totraverse intersection 122. A traffic solution may include controllingone or more of traffic lights 112 and/or autonomous vehicles 116.Additionally, or alternatively, a traffic solution may include sendinginformation or instructions to vehicles 113 (including autonomous and/ormanned vehicles that have drivers).

For example a traffic solution for the scenario set forth in FIG. 1 mayinclude having traffic light 112 a signal red, (or “stop”) so thatvehicles 113 in lane 124 c do not move, having traffic light 112 bsignal green (or “go”) so that vehicles in lane 112 b clear the way forfirst responder 114 to traverse intersection 122 via lane 124 b.However, such a traffic solution may not address vehicle 118 that isstraddling lanes 124 b and 124 c. An alternative solution could includefirst having traffic light 112 c signal green (or “go”) so that vehiclesattempting to turn left from lane 124 c clear first, then turningtraffic light 112 b green. Setting an order of controlling differenttraffic lights 112 can prevent uncertainty for drivers of vehicles 118,who may otherwise become rattled or unsure how to react to the presenceof first responder vehicle 116.

The traffic solution may identify a particular lane 124 via which firstresponder vehicle 116 should travel to traverse intersection 122. Thismay be the same lane 124 or a different lane 124 than first respondervehicle 116 is located in prior to implementation of the trafficsolution. For example, an alternative solution may have vehicles 113 inlane 124 a move, then have first responder vehicle 114 switch lanes 124from lane 124 b to traverse intersection 122 via lane 124 a.

Additionally, or alternatively, the traffic solution may be based onother criteria or data. For example, the traffic solution may be basedon driving profiles for vehicles 113, historical traffic trends, success(or failure) of previously implemented traffic solutions, intersectionprofiles, or the like. Each is discussed in turn.

Traffic control system 102 may use a vehicle profile stored in database110 to predict behavior of one or more vehicles 113 by identifying suchvehicles 113 in the vicinity of first responder vehicle 114 orintersection 122. For example, as discussed above data from camera 108may be used to identify first responder vehicle 114. Similarly, suchdata may be used to determine the identities of one or more othervehicles 113, such as those proximate to first responder vehicle 114.Determining vehicle identities may be based on image processing ofimages captured by camera 108 that include an image of a license plate.Other sensor data from sensors 106 may be used to determine vehicleidentities. For example, sensors 106 may detect wireless transmissionsfrom vehicles 113 that identify the vehicles 113. More generally, sensordata may be used to identify characteristics of vehicles 113, such asvehicle type (e.g., SUV), occupancy (e.g., if there are passengers),damage from past collisions (e.g., based on visible damage), color,model, or the like.

Using the identity of vehicle 113, traffic control system 102 maypredict the behavior of vehicle 113 and incorporate this prediction intoits basis for determining a traffic solution. Vehicle profiles may bestored in database 110. As discussed above, vehicle profiles may beunique to a specific vehicle 113 (e.g., based on license plate number),apply to a fleet of vehicles 113 (e.g., USPS delivery trucks), apply tovehicles based on current driving conditions (e.g., whether there is apassenger), or the like. Vehicle profiles may be compiled to predictdriving reactions to changes in traffic lights 112 and/or the presenceor behavior of first responder vehicle 114. For example, a profile mayindicate that the driver of a specific vehicle 113 always tries tooutrun a first responder vehicle 114, while the driver of anothervehicle 113 always pulls to the right. These types of behaviorpredictions can inform which traffic solution is selected.

At step 208, method 200 may include based on the traffic solution,controlling the first traffic light 112 a and the second traffic light112 b. As discussed above, even when traffic lights 112 traditionally orin normal operating conditions operate in-synch with one another—likewhen traffic lights 112 are for adjacent lanes 124 of traffic going inthe same direction—edge computing node 104 may operate them separately,either out of time with one another or even with different signals.

At step 210, method 200 may include instructing autonomous vehicle 116to move in such a way that unblocks the route of first responder vehicle114. For example, in some embodiments, edge computing node 104 maycontrol or instruct autonomous vehicle 116 in lane 124 b to traverseintersection 122, despite traffic light 112 b being red. This may allowmanned vehicle 118 to move forward in lane 124 b, which could in turnallow enough space for vehicle 118 attempting to enter lane 124 c tounblock lane 124 b. Such instruction may be done, along with controllingtraffic lights 112, in an order depending upon the traffic solution.

At step 210, method 200 may include instructing first responder vehicle116 to travel via a particular lane 124. This may or may not be the lanefirst responder vehicle 116 would have otherwise traveled, or wasalready in, prior to implementation of the traffic solution.

Subsequent to implementation of the traffic solution (e.g., controllingtraffic lights 112 and/or communicating with vehicles 113 to enablefirst responder vehicle 114 to traverse intersection 112), trafficcontrol system 102 may collect feedback, including sensor data, that isindicative of the effects (including success or failure) of the trafficsolution. This could include, on a high level, monitoring how effectivethe traffic solution was for clearing intersection 1222, tracking a timefor first responder vehicle 114 to clear intersection 122, or on a moremicro level, monitoring vehicle 113 behavior responsive to a specificcomponent of traffic solution (e.g., control of traffic light 112 b).

This feedback can be used to update vehicle profiles stores in database110.

Additionally, or alternatively, this feedback can be incorporated intofuture traffic solutions. Selecting a traffic solution for a futureevent may be based on the effectiveness of past traffic solutions,particularly those matching a profile of the future event (e.g., sameintersection 122, same first responder vehicle 114, same trafficpattern).

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of network device 300 that may be connected toor comprise a component of edge computing node 104 or connected to edgecomputing node 104 via a network. Network device 300 may comprisehardware or a combination of hardware and software. The functionality tofacilitate telecommunications via a telecommunications network mayreside in one or combination of network devices 300. Network device 300depicted in FIG. 3 may represent or perform functionality of anappropriate network device 300, or combination of network devices 300,such as, for example, a component or various components of a cellularbroadcast system wireless network, a processor, a server, a gateway, anode, a mobile switching center (MSC), a short message service center(SMSC), an ALFS, a gateway mobile location center (GMLC), a radio accessnetwork (RAN), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), or the like, orany appropriate combination thereof. It is emphasized that the blockdiagram depicted in FIG. 3 is exemplary and not intended to imply alimitation to a specific implementation or configuration. Thus, networkdevice 300 may be implemented in a single device or multiple devices(e.g., single server or multiple servers, single gateway or multiplegateways, single controller or multiple controllers). Multiple networkentities may be distributed or centrally located. Multiple networkentities may communicate wirelessly, via hard wire, or any appropriatecombination thereof.

Network device 300 may comprise a processor 302 and a memory 304 coupledto processor 302. Memory 304 may contain executable instructions that,when executed by processor 302, cause processor 302 to effectuateoperations associated with mapping wireless signal strength. As evidentfrom the description herein, network device 300 is not to be construedas software per se.

In addition to processor 302 and memory 304, network device 300 mayinclude an input/output system 306. Processor 302, memory 304, andinput/output system 306 may be coupled together (coupling not shown inFIG. 3) to allow communications therebetween. Each portion of networkdevice 300 may comprise circuitry for performing functions associatedwith each respective portion. Thus, each portion may comprise hardware,or a combination of hardware and software. Accordingly, each portion ofnetwork device 300 is not to be construed as software per se.Input/output system 306 may be capable of receiving or providinginformation from or to a communications device or other network entitiesconfigured for telecommunications. For example, input/output system 306may include a wireless communications (e.g., 3G/4G/GPS) card.Input/output system 306 may be capable of receiving or sending videoinformation, audio information, control information, image information,data, or any combination thereof. Input/output system 306 may be capableof transferring information with network device 300. In variousconfigurations, input/output system 306 may receive or provideinformation via any appropriate means, such as, for example, opticalmeans (e.g., infrared), electromagnetic means (e.g., RF, Wi-Fi,Bluetooth®, ZigBee®), acoustic means (e.g., speaker, microphone,ultrasonic receiver, ultrasonic transmitter), or a combination thereof.In an example configuration, input/output system 306 may comprise aWi-Fi finder, a two-way GPS chipset or equivalent, or the like, or acombination thereof.

Input/output system 306 of network device 300 also may contain acommunication connection 308 that allows network device 300 tocommunicate with other devices, network entities, or the like.Communication connection 308 may comprise communication media.Communication media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated datasignal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includesany information delivery media. By way of example, and not limitation,communication media may include wired media such as a wired network ordirect-wired connection, or wireless media such as acoustic, RF,infrared, or other wireless media. The term computer-readable media asused herein includes both storage media and communication media.Input/output system 306 also may include an input device 310 such askeyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, or touch input device.Input/output system 306 may also include an output device 312, such as adisplay, speakers, or a printer.

Processor 302 may be capable of performing functions associated withtelecommunications, such as functions for processing broadcast messages,as described herein. For example, processor 302 may be capable of, inconjunction with any other portion of network device 300, determining atype of broadcast message and acting according to the broadcast messagetype or content, as described herein.

Memory 304 of network device 300 may comprise a storage medium having aconcrete, tangible, physical structure. As is known, a signal does nothave a concrete, tangible, physical structure. Memory 304, as well asany computer-readable storage medium described herein, is not to beconstrued as a signal. Memory 304, as well as any computer-readablestorage medium described herein, is not to be construed as a transientsignal. Memory 304, as well as any computer-readable storage mediumdescribed herein, is not to be construed as a propagating signal. Memory304, as well as any computer-readable storage medium described herein,is to be construed as an article of manufacture.

Memory 304 may store any information utilized in conjunction withtelecommunications. Depending upon the exact configuration or type ofprocessor, memory 304 may include a volatile storage 314 (such as sometypes of RAM), a nonvolatile storage 316 (such as ROM, flash memory), ora combination thereof. Memory 304 may include additional storage (e.g.,a removable storage 318 or a nonremovable storage 320) including, forexample, tape, flash memory, smart cards, CD-ROM, DVD, or other opticalstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, USB-compatible memory, or any othermedium that can be used to store information and that can be accessed bynetwork device 300. Memory 304 may comprise executable instructionsthat, when executed by processor 302, cause processor 302 to effectuateoperations to map signal strengths in an area of interest.

FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram depicting one example ofan LTE-EPS network architecture 400 related to the current disclosure.In particular, the network architecture 400 disclosed herein is referredto as a modified LTE-EPS architecture 400 to distinguish it from atraditional LTE-EPS architecture.

An example modified LTE-EPS architecture 400 is based at least in parton standards developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),with information available at www.3gpp.org. In one embodiment, theLTE-EPS network architecture 400 includes an access network 402, a corenetwork 404, e.g., an EPC or Common Backbone (CBB) and one or moreexternal networks 406, sometimes referred to as PDN or peer entities.Different external networks 406 can be distinguished from each other bya respective network identifier, e.g., a label according to DNS namingconventions describing an access point to the PDN. Such labels can bereferred to as Access Point Names (APN). External networks 406 caninclude one or more trusted and non-trusted external networks such as aninternet protocol (IP) network 408, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS)network 410, and other networks 412, such as a service network, acorporate network, or the like.

Access network 402 can include an LTE network architecture sometimesreferred to as Evolved Universal mobile Telecommunication systemTerrestrial Radio Access (E UTRA) and evolved UMTS Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (E-UTRAN). Broadly, access network 402 can include one ormore communication devices, commonly referred to as UE 414, and one ormore wireless access nodes, or base stations 416 a, 416 b. Duringnetwork operations, at least one base station 416 communicates directlywith UE 414. Base station 416 can be an evolved Node B (e-NodeB), withwhich UE 414 communicates over the air and wirelessly. UEs 414 caninclude, without limitation, wireless devices, e.g., satellitecommunication systems, portable digital assistants (PDAs), laptopcomputers, tablet devices and other mobile devices (e.g., cellulartelephones, smart appliances, and so on). UEs 414 can connect to eNBs416 when UE 414 is within range according to a corresponding wirelesscommunication technology.

UE 414 generally runs one or more applications that engage in a transferof packets between UE 414 and one or more external networks 406. Suchpacket transfers can include one of downlink packet transfers fromexternal network 406 to UE 414, uplink packet transfers from UE 414 toexternal network 406 or combinations of uplink and downlink packettransfers. Applications can include, without limitation, web browsing,VoIP, streaming media and the like. Each application can pose differentQuality of Service (QoS) requirements on a respective packet transfer.Different packet transfers can be served by different bearers withincore network 404, e.g., according to parameters, such as the QoS.

Core network 404 uses a concept of bearers, e.g., EPS bearers, to routepackets, e.g., IP traffic, between a particular gateway in core network404 and UE 414. A bearer refers generally to an IP packet flow with adefined QoS between the particular gateway and UE 414. Access network402, e.g., E UTRAN, and core network 404 together set up and releasebearers as required by the various applications. Bearers can beclassified in at least two different categories: (i) minimum guaranteedbit rate bearers, e.g., for applications, such as VoIP; and (ii)non-guaranteed bit rate bearers that do not require guarantee bit rate,e.g., for applications, such as web browsing.

In one embodiment, the core network 404 includes various networkentities, such as MME 418, SGW 420, Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 422,Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) 424 and PGW 426. In oneembodiment, MME 418 comprises a control node performing a controlsignaling between various equipment and devices in access network 402and core network 404. The protocols running between UE 414 and corenetwork 404 are generally known as Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols.

For illustration purposes only, the terms MME 418, SGW 420, HSS 422 andPGW 426, and so on, can be server devices, but may be referred to in thesubject disclosure without the word “server.” It is also understood thatany form of such servers can operate in a device, system, component, orother form of centralized or distributed hardware and software. It isfurther noted that these terms and other terms such as bearer pathsand/or interfaces are terms that can include features, methodologies,and/or fields that may be described in whole or in part by standardsbodies such as the 3GPP. It is further noted that some or allembodiments of the subject disclosure may in whole or in part modify,supplement, or otherwise supersede final or proposed standards publishedand promulgated by 3GPP.

According to traditional implementations of LTE-EPS architectures, SGW420 routes and forwards all user data packets. SGW 420 also acts as amobility anchor for user plane operation during handovers between basestations, e.g., during a handover from first eNB 416 a to second eNB 416b as may be the result of UE 414 moving from one area of coverage, e.g.,cell, to another. SGW 420 can also terminate a downlink data path, e.g.,from external network 406 to UE 414 in an idle state, and trigger apaging operation when downlink data arrives for UE 414. SGW 420 can alsobe configured to manage and store a context for UE 414, e.g., includingone or more of parameters of the IP bearer service and network internalrouting information. In addition, SGW 420 can perform administrativefunctions, e.g., in a visited network, such as collecting informationfor charging (e.g., the volume of data sent to or received from theuser), and/or replicate user traffic, e.g., to support a lawfulinterception. SGW 420 also serves as the mobility anchor forinterworking with other 3GPP technologies such as universal mobiletelecommunication system (UMTS).

At any given time, UE 414 is generally in one of three different states:detached, idle, or active. The detached state is typically a transitorystate in which UE 414 is powered on but is engaged in a process ofsearching and registering with network 402. In the active state, UE 414is registered with access network 402 and has established a wirelessconnection, e.g., radio resource control (RRC) connection, with eNB 416.Whether UE 414 is in an active state can depend on the state of a packetdata session, and whether there is an active packet data session. In theidle state, UE 414 is generally in a power conservation state in whichUE 414 typically does not communicate packets. When UE 414 is idle, SGW420 can terminate a downlink data path, e.g., from one peer entity 406,and triggers paging of UE 414 when data arrives for UE 414. If UE 414responds to the page, SGW 420 can forward the IP packet to eNB 416 a.

HSS 422 can manage subscription-related information for a user of UE414. For example, tHSS 422 can store information such as authorizationof the user, security requirements for the user, quality of service(QoS) requirements for the user, etc. HSS 422 can also hold informationabout external networks 406 to which the user can connect, e.g., in theform of an APN of external networks 406. For example, MME 418 cancommunicate with HSS 422 to determine if UE 414 is authorized toestablish a call, e.g., a voice over IP (VoIP) call before the call isestablished.

PCRF 424 can perform QoS management functions and policy control. PCRF424 is responsible for policy control decision-making, as well as forcontrolling the flow-based charging functionalities in a policy controlenforcement function (PCEF), which resides in PGW 426. PCRF 424 providesthe QoS authorization, e.g., QoS class identifier and bit rates thatdecide how a certain data flow will be treated in the PCEF and ensuresthat this is in accordance with the user's subscription profile.

PGW 426 can provide connectivity between the UE 414 and one or more ofthe external networks 406. In illustrative network architecture 400, PGW426 can be responsible for IP address allocation for UE 414, as well asone or more of QoS enforcement and flow-based charging, e.g., accordingto rules from the PCRF 424. PGW 426 is also typically responsible forfiltering downlink user IP packets into the different QoS-based bearers.In at least some embodiments, such filtering can be performed based ontraffic flow templates. PGW 426 can also perform QoS enforcement, e.g.,for guaranteed bit rate bearers. PGW 426 also serves as a mobilityanchor for interworking with non-3GPP technologies such as CDMA2000.

Within access network 402 and core network 404 there may be variousbearer paths/interfaces, e.g., represented by solid lines 428 and 430.Some of the bearer paths can be referred to by a specific label. Forexample, solid line 428 can be considered an S1-U bearer and solid line432 can be considered an S5/S8 bearer according to LTE-EPS architecturestandards. Without limitation, reference to various interfaces, such asS1, X2, S5, S8, S11 refer to EPS interfaces. In some instances, suchinterface designations are combined with a suffix, e.g., a “U” or a “C”to signify whether the interface relates to a “User plane” or a “Controlplane.” In addition, the core network 404 can include various signalingbearer paths/interfaces, e.g., control plane paths/interfacesrepresented by dashed lines 430, 434, 436, and 438. Some of thesignaling bearer paths may be referred to by a specific label. Forexample, dashed line 430 can be considered as an S1-MME signalingbearer, dashed line 434 can be considered as an S11 signaling bearer anddashed line 436 can be considered as an S6a signaling bearer, e.g.,according to LTE-EPS architecture standards. The above bearer paths andsignaling bearer paths are only illustrated as examples and it should benoted that additional bearer paths and signaling bearer paths may existthat are not illustrated.

Also shown is a novel user plane path/interface, referred to as theS1-U+ interface 466. In the illustrative example, the S1-U+ user planeinterface extends between the eNB 416 a and PGW 426. Notably, S1-U+path/interface does not include SGW 420, a node that is otherwiseinstrumental in configuring and/or managing packet forwarding betweeneNB 416 a and one or more external networks 406 by way of PGW 426. Asdisclosed herein, the S1-U+ path/interface facilitates autonomouslearning of peer transport layer addresses by one or more of the networknodes to facilitate a self-configuring of the packet forwarding path. Inparticular, such self-configuring can be accomplished during handoversin most scenarios so as to reduce any extra signaling load on the S/PGWs420, 426 due to excessive handover events.

In some embodiments, PGW 426 is coupled to storage device 440, shown inphantom. Storage device 440 can be integral to one of the network nodes,such as PGW 426, for example, in the form of internal memory and/or diskdrive. It is understood that storage device 440 can include registerssuitable for storing address values. Alternatively or in addition,storage device 440 can be separate from PGW 426, for example, as anexternal hard drive, a flash drive, and/or network storage.

Storage device 440 selectively stores one or more values relevant to theforwarding of packet data. For example, storage device 440 can storeidentities and/or addresses of network entities, such as any of networknodes 418, 420, 422, 424, and 426, eNBs 416 and/or UE 414. In theillustrative example, storage device 440 includes a first storagelocation 442 and a second storage location 444. First storage location442 can be dedicated to storing a Currently Used Downlink address value442. Likewise, second storage location 444 can be dedicated to storing aDefault Downlink Forwarding address value 444. PGW 426 can read and/orwrite values into either of storage locations 442, 444, for example,managing Currently Used Downlink Forwarding address value 442 andDefault Downlink Forwarding address value 444 as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the Default Downlink Forwarding address for eachEPS bearer is the SGW S5-U address for each EPS Bearer. The CurrentlyUsed Downlink Forwarding address” for each EPS bearer in PGW 426 can beset every time when PGW 426 receives an uplink packet, e.g., a GTP-Uuplink packet, with a new source address for a corresponding EPS bearer.When UE 414 is in an idle state, the “Current Used Downlink Forwardingaddress” field for each EPS bearer of UE 414 can be set to a “null” orother suitable value.

In some embodiments, the Default Downlink Forwarding address is onlyupdated when PGW 426 receives a new SGW S5-U address in a predeterminedmessage or messages. For example, the Default Downlink Forwardingaddress is only updated when PGW 426 receives one of a Create SessionRequest, Modify Bearer Request and Create Bearer Response messages fromSGW 420.

As values 442, 444 can be maintained and otherwise manipulated on a perbearer basis, it is understood that the storage locations can take theform of tables, spreadsheets, lists, and/or other data structuresgenerally well understood and suitable for maintaining and/or otherwisemanipulate forwarding addresses on a per bearer basis.

It should be noted that access network 402 and core network 404 areillustrated in a simplified block diagram in FIG. 4. In other words,either or both of access network 402 and the core network 404 caninclude additional network elements that are not shown, such as variousrouters, switches and controllers. In addition, although FIG. 4illustrates only a single one of each of the various network elements,it should be noted that access network 402 and core network 404 caninclude any number of the various network elements. For example, corenetwork 404 can include a pool (i.e., more than one) of MMEs 418, SGWs420 or PGWs 426.

In the illustrative example, data traversing a network path between UE414, eNB 416 a, SGW 420, PGW 426 and external network 406 may beconsidered to constitute data transferred according to an end-to-end IPservice. However, for the present disclosure, to properly performestablishment management in LTE-EPS network architecture 400, the corenetwork, data bearer portion of the end-to-end IP service is analyzed.

An establishment may be defined herein as a connection set up requestbetween any two elements within LTE-EPS network architecture 400. Theconnection set up request may be for user data or for signaling. Afailed establishment may be defined as a connection set up request thatwas unsuccessful. A successful establishment may be defined as aconnection set up request that was successful.

In one embodiment, a data bearer portion comprises a first portion(e.g., a data radio bearer 446) between UE 414 and eNB 416 a, a secondportion (e.g., an S1 data bearer 428) between eNB 416 a and SGW 420, anda third portion (e.g., an S5/S8 bearer 432) between SGW 420 and PGW 426.Various signaling bearer portions are also illustrated in FIG. 4. Forexample, a first signaling portion (e.g., a signaling radio bearer 448)between UE 414 and eNB 416 a, and a second signaling portion (e.g., S1signaling bearer 430) between eNB 416 a and MME 418.

In at least some embodiments, the data bearer can include tunneling,e.g., IP tunneling, by which data packets can be forwarded in anencapsulated manner, between tunnel endpoints. Tunnels, or tunnelconnections can be identified in one or more nodes of network 400, e.g.,by one or more of tunnel endpoint identifiers, an IP address and a userdatagram protocol port number. Within a particular tunnel connection,payloads, e.g., packet data, which may or may not include protocolrelated information, are forwarded between tunnel endpoints.

An example of first tunnel solution 450 includes a first tunnel 452 abetween two tunnel endpoints 454 a and 456 a, and a second tunnel 452 bbetween two tunnel endpoints 454 b and 456 b. In the illustrativeexample, first tunnel 452 a is established between eNB 416 a and SGW420. Accordingly, first tunnel 452 a includes a first tunnel endpoint454 a corresponding to an S1-U address of eNB 416 a (referred to hereinas the eNB S1-U address), and second tunnel endpoint 456 a correspondingto an S1-U address of SGW 420 (referred to herein as the SGW S1-Uaddress). Likewise, second tunnel 452 b includes first tunnel endpoint454 b corresponding to an S5-U address of SGW 420 (referred to herein asthe SGW S5-U address), and second tunnel endpoint 456 b corresponding toan S5-U address of PGW 426 (referred to herein as the PGW S5-U address).

In at least some embodiments, first tunnel solution 450 is referred toas a two-tunnel solution, e.g., according to the GPRS Tunneling ProtocolUser Plane (GTPv1-U based), as described in 3GPP specification TS29.281, incorporated herein in its entirety. It is understood that oneor more tunnels are permitted between each set of tunnel end points. Forexample, each subscriber can have one or more tunnels, e.g., one foreach PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly havingseparate tunnels for specific connections with different quality ofservice requirements, and so on.

An example of second tunnel solution 458 includes a single or directtunnel 460 between tunnel endpoints 462 and 464. In the illustrativeexample, direct tunnel 460 is established between eNB 416 a and PGW 426,without subjecting packet transfers to processing related to SGW 420.Accordingly, direct tunnel 460 includes first tunnel endpoint 462corresponding to the eNB S1-U address, and second tunnel endpoint 464corresponding to the PGW S5-U address. Packet data received at eitherend can be encapsulated into a payload and directed to the correspondingaddress of the other end of the tunnel. Such direct tunneling avoidsprocessing, e.g., by SGW 420 that would otherwise relay packets betweenthe same two endpoints, e.g., according to a protocol, such as the GTP-Uprotocol.

In some scenarios, direct tunneling solution 458 can forward user planedata packets between eNB 416 a and PGW 426, by way of SGW 420. SGW 420can serve a relay function, by relaying packets between two tunnelendpoints 416 a, 426. In other scenarios, direct tunneling solution 458can forward user data packets between eNB 416 a and PGW 426, by way ofthe S1 U+ interface, thereby bypassing SGW 420.

Generally, UE 414 can have one or more bearers at any one time. Thenumber and types of bearers can depend on applications, defaultrequirements, and so on. It is understood that the techniques disclosedherein, including the configuration, management and use of varioustunnel solutions 450, 458, can be applied to the bearers on anindividual basis. If user data packets of one bearer, say a bearerassociated with a VoIP service of UE 414, then the forwarding of allpackets of that bearer are handled in a similar manner. Continuing withthis example, the same UE 414 can have another bearer associated with itthrough the same eNB 416 a. This other bearer, for example, can beassociated with a relatively low rate data session forwarding user datapackets through core network 404 simultaneously with the first bearer.Likewise, the user data packets of the other bearer are also handled ina similar manner, without necessarily following a forwarding path orsolution of the first bearer. Thus, one of the bearers may be forwardedthrough direct tunnel 458; whereas, another one of the bearers may beforwarded through a two-tunnel solution 450.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary diagrammatic representation of a machine inthe form of a computer system 500 within which a set of instructions,when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethods described above. One or more instances of the machine canoperate, for example, as processor 302, UE 414, eNB 416, MME 418, SGW420, HSS 422, PCRF 424, PGW 426 and other devices of FIGS. 1, 2, and 4.In some embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., using a network502) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine mayoperate in the capacity of a server or a client user machine in aserver-client user network environment, or as a peer machine in apeer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment.

The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user computer, apersonal computer (PC), a tablet, a smart phone, a laptop computer, adesktop computer, a control system, a network router, switch or bridge,or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential orotherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. It will beunderstood that a communication device of the subject disclosureincludes broadly any electronic device that provides voice, video ordata communication. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, theterm “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machinesthat individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) ofinstructions to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein.

Computer system 500 may include a processor (or controller) 504 (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU)), a graphics processing unit (GPU, orboth), a main memory 506 and a static memory 508, which communicate witheach other via a bus 510. The computer system 500 may further include adisplay unit 512 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, ora solid-state display). Computer system 500 may include an input device514 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 516 (e.g., a mouse), adisk drive unit 518, a signal generation device 520 (e.g., a speaker orremote control) and a network interface device 522. In distributedenvironments, the embodiments described in the subject disclosure can beadapted to utilize multiple display units 512 controlled by two or morecomputer systems 500. In this configuration, presentations described bythe subject disclosure may in part be shown in a first of display units512, while the remaining portion is presented in a second of displayunits 512.

The disk drive unit 518 may include a tangible computer-readable storagemedium 524 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g.,software 526) embodying any one or more of the methods or functionsdescribed herein, including those methods illustrated above.Instructions 526 may also reside, completely or at least partially,within main memory 506, static memory 508, or within processor 504during execution thereof by the computer system 500. Main memory 506 andprocessor 504 also may constitute tangible computer-readable storagemedia.

As shown in FIG. 6, telecommunication system 600 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 602, a RAN 604, a core network 606, apublic switched telephone network (PSTN) 608, the Internet 610, or othernetworks 612, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed examplescontemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, or networkelements. Each WTRU 602 may be any type of device configured to operateor communicate in a wireless environment. For example, a WTRU maycomprise drone 102, a mobile device, network device 300, or the like, orany combination thereof. By way of example, WTRUs 602 may be configuredto transmit or receive wireless signals and may include a UE, a mobilestation, a mobile device, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, acellular telephone, a PDA, a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personalcomputer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, or the like. WTRUs602 may be configured to transmit or receive wireless signals over anair interface 614.

Telecommunication system 600 may also include one or more base stations616. Each of base stations 616 may be any type of device configured towirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 602 to facilitateaccess to one or more communication networks, such as core network 606,PTSN 608, Internet 610, or other networks 612. By way of example, basestations 616 may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNodeB, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point(AP), a wireless router, or the like. While base stations 616 are eachdepicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that base stations616 may include any number of interconnected base stations or networkelements.

RAN 604 may include one or more base stations 616, along with othernetwork elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), aradio network controller (RNC), or relay nodes. One or more basestations 616 may be configured to transmit or receive wireless signalswithin a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as acell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. Forexample, the cell associated with base station 616 may be divided intothree sectors such that base station 616 may include three transceivers:one for each sector of the cell. In another example, base station 616may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and,therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of thecell.

Base stations 616 may communicate with one or more of WTRUs 602 over airinterface 614, which may be any suitable wireless communication link(e.g., RF, microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), or visiblelight). Air interface 614 may be established using any suitable radioaccess technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, telecommunication system 600 may be amultiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, or the like. Forexample, base station 616 in RAN 604 and WTRUs 602 connected to RAN 604may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) thatmay establish air interface 614 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA mayinclude communication protocols, such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink PacketAccess (HSDPA) or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

As another example base station 616 and WTRUs 602 that are connected toRAN 604 may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish air interface 614using LTE or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

Optionally base station 616 and WTRUs 602 connected to RAN 604 mayimplement radio technologies such as IEEE 602.16 (i.e., WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×,CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95(IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), GSM, Enhanced Data rates for GSMEvolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or the like.

Base station 616 may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, oraccess point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT forfacilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a placeof business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, or the like. For example, basestation 616 and associated WTRUs 602 may implement a radio technologysuch as IEEE 602.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).As another example, base station 616 and associated WTRUs 602 mayimplement a radio technology such as IEEE 602.15 to establish a wirelesspersonal area network (WPAN). In yet another example, base station 616and associated WTRUs 602 may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA,CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.As shown in FIG. 6, base station 616 may have a direct connection toInternet 610. Thus, base station 616 may not be required to accessInternet 610 via core network 606.

RAN 604 may be in communication with core network 606, which may be anytype of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/orvoice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more WTRUs 602.For example, core network 606 may provide call control, billingservices, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internetconnectivity, video distribution or high-level security functions, suchas user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 6, it will beappreciated that RAN 604 or core network 606 may be in direct orindirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as RAN604 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected toRAN 604, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, core network606 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employinga GSM radio technology.

Core network 606 may also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 602 to accessPSTN 608, Internet 610, or other networks 612. PSTN 608 may includecircuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephoneservice (POTS). For LTE core networks, core network 606 may use IMS core614 to provide access to PSTN 608. Internet 610 may include a globalsystem of interconnected computer networks or devices that use commoncommunication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol(TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), or IP in the TCP/IP internetprotocol suite. Other networks 612 may include wired or wirelesscommunications networks owned or operated by other service providers.For example, other networks 612 may include another core networkconnected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 604or a different RAT.

Some or all WTRUs 602 in telecommunication system 600 may includemulti-mode capabilities. WTRUs 602 may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, one or more WTRUs 602 may be configured tocommunicate with base station 616, which may employ a cellular-basedradio technology, and with base station 616, which may employ an IEEE802 radio technology.

FIG. 7 is an example system 400 including RAN 604 and core network 606.As noted above, RAN 604 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology tocommunicate with WTRUs 602 over air interface 614. RAN 604 may also bein communication with core network 606.

RAN 604 may include any number of eNode-Bs 702 while remainingconsistent with the disclosed technology. One or more eNode-Bs 702 mayinclude one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 602over air interface 614. Optionally, eNode-Bs 702 may implement MIMOtechnology. Thus, one of eNode-Bs 702, for example, may use multipleantennas to transmit wireless signals to, or receive wireless signalsfrom, one of WTRUs 602.

Each of eNode-Bs 702 may be associated with a particular cell (notshown) and may be configured to handle radio resource managementdecisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink ordownlink, or the like. As shown in FIG. 7 eNode-Bs 702 may communicatewith one another over an X2 interface.

Core network 606 shown in FIG. 7 may include a mobility managementgateway or entity (MME) 704, a serving gateway 706, or a packet datanetwork (PDN) gateway 708. While each of the foregoing elements aredepicted as part of core network 606, it will be appreciated that anyone of these elements may be owned or operated by an entity other thanthe core network operator.

MME 704 may be connected to each of eNode-Bs 702 in RAN 604 via an S1interface and may serve as a control node. For example, MME 704 may beresponsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 602, bearer activation ordeactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initialattach of WTRUs 602, or the like. MME 704 may also provide a controlplane function for switching between RAN 604 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

Serving gateway 706 may be connected to each of eNode-Bs 702 in RAN 604via the S1 interface. Serving gateway 706 may generally route or forwarduser data packets to or from the WTRUs 602. Serving gateway 706 may alsoperform other functions, such as anchoring user planes duringinter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data isavailable for WTRUs 602, managing or storing contexts of WTRUs 602, orthe like.

Serving gateway 706 may also be connected to PDN gateway 708, which mayprovide WTRUs 602 with access to packet-switched networks, such asInternet 610, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 602 andIP-enabled devices.

Core network 606 may facilitate communications with other networks. Forexample, core network 606 may provide WTRUs 602 with access tocircuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 608, such as through IMS core614, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 602 and traditionalland-line communications devices. In addition, core network 606 mayprovide the WTRUs 602 with access to other networks 612, which mayinclude other wired or wireless networks that are owned or operated byother service providers.

FIG. 8 depicts an overall block diagram of an example packet-basedmobile cellular network environment, such as a GPRS network as describedherein. In the example packet-based mobile cellular network environmentshown in FIG. 8, there are a plurality of base station subsystems (BSS)800 (only one is shown), each of which comprises a base stationcontroller (BSC) 802 serving a plurality of BTSs, such as BTSs 804, 806,808. BTSs 804, 806, 808 are the access points where users ofpacket-based mobile devices become connected to the wireless network. Inexample fashion, the packet traffic originating from mobile devices istransported via an over-the-air interface to BTS 808, and from BTS 808to BSC 802. Base station subsystems, such as BSS 800, are a part ofinternal frame relay network 810 that can include a service GPRS supportnodes (SGSN), such as SGSN 812 or SGSN 814. Each SGSN 812, 814 isconnected to an internal packet network 816 through which SGSN 812, 814can route data packets to or from a plurality of gateway GPRS supportnodes (GGSN) 818, 820, 822. As illustrated, SGSN 814 and GGSNs 818, 820,822 are part of internal packet network 816. GGSNs 818, 820, 822 mainlyprovide an interface to external IP networks such as PLMN 824, corporateintranets/internets 826, or Fixed-End System (FES) or the publicInternet 828. As illustrated, subscriber corporate network 826 may beconnected to GGSN 820 via a firewall 830. PLMN 824 may be connected toGGSN 820 via a boarder gateway router (BGR) 832. A Remote AuthenticationDial-In User Service (RADIUS) server 834 may be used for callerauthentication when a user calls corporate network 826.

Generally, there may be a several cell sizes in a network, referred toas macro, micro, pico, femto or umbrella cells. The coverage area ofeach cell is different in different environments. Macro cells can beregarded as cells in which the base station antenna is installed in amast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cellswhose antenna height is under average roof top level. Micro cells aretypically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells having adiameter of a few dozen meters. Pico cells are used mainly indoors.Femto cells have the same size as pico cells, but a smaller transportcapacity. Femto cells are used indoors, in residential or small businessenvironments. On the other hand, umbrella cells are used to covershadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage betweenthose cells.

FIG. 9 illustrates an architecture of a typical GPRS network 900 asdescribed herein. The architecture depicted in FIG. 9 may be segmentedinto four groups: users 902, RAN 904, core network 906, and interconnectnetwork 908. Users 902 comprise a plurality of end users, who each mayuse one or more devices 910. Note that device 910 is referred to as amobile subscriber (MS) in the description of network shown in FIG. 9. Inan example, device 910 comprises a communications device (e.g., mobiledevice 102, mobile positioning center 116, network device 300, any ofdetected devices 500, second device 508, access device 604, accessdevice 606, access device 608, access device 610 or the like, or anycombination thereof). Radio access network 904 comprises a plurality ofBSSs such as BSS 912, which includes a BTS 914 and a BSC 916. Corenetwork 906 may include a host of various network elements. Asillustrated in FIG. 9, core network 906 may comprise MSC 918, servicecontrol point (SCP) 920, gateway MSC (GMSC) 922, SGSN 924, home locationregister (HLR) 926, authentication center (AuC) 928, domain name system(DNS) server 930, and GGSN 932. Interconnect network 908 may alsocomprise a host of various networks or other network elements. Asillustrated in FIG. 9, interconnect network 908 comprises a PSTN 934, anFES/Internet 936, a firewall 1038, or a corporate network 940.

An MSC can be connected to a large number of BSCs. At MSC 918, forinstance, depending on the type of traffic, the traffic may be separatedin that voice may be sent to PSTN 934 through GMSC 922, or data may besent to SGSN 924, which then sends the data traffic to GGSN 932 forfurther forwarding.

When MSC 918 receives call traffic, for example, from BSC 916, it sendsa query to a database hosted by SCP 920, which processes the request andissues a response to MSC 918 so that it may continue call processing asappropriate.

HLR 926 is a centralized database for users to register to the GPRSnetwork. HLR 926 stores static information about the subscribers such asthe International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), subscribedservices, or a key for authenticating the subscriber. HLR 926 alsostores dynamic subscriber information such as the current location ofthe MS. Associated with HLR 926 is AuC 928, which is a database thatcontains the algorithms for authenticating subscribers and includes theassociated keys for encryption to safeguard the user input forauthentication.

In the following, depending on context, “mobile subscriber” or “MS”sometimes refers to the end user and sometimes to the actual portabledevice, such as a mobile device, used by an end user of the mobilecellular service. When a mobile subscriber turns on his or her mobiledevice, the mobile device goes through an attach process by which themobile device attaches to an SGSN of the GPRS network. In FIG. 9, whenMS 910 initiates the attach process by turning on the networkcapabilities of the mobile device, an attach request is sent by MS 910to SGSN 924. The SGSN 924 queries another SGSN, to which MS 910 wasattached before, for the identity of MS 910. Upon receiving the identityof MS 910 from the other SGSN, SGSN 924 requests more information fromMS 910. This information is used to authenticate MS 910 together withthe information provided by HLR 926. Once verified, SGSN 924 sends alocation update to HLR 926 indicating the change of location to a newSGSN, in this case SGSN 924. HLR 926 notifies the old SGSN, to which MS910 was attached before, to cancel the location process for MS 910. HLR926 then notifies SGSN 924 that the location update has been performed.At this time, SGSN 924 sends an Attach Accept message to MS 910, whichin turn sends an Attach Complete message to SGSN 924.

Next, MS 910 establishes a user session with the destination network,corporate network 940, by going through a Packet Data Protocol (PDP)activation process. Briefly, in the process, MS 910 requests access tothe Access Point Name (APN), for example, UPS.com, and SGSN 924 receivesthe activation request from MS 910. SGSN 924 then initiates a DNS queryto learn which GGSN 932 has access to the UPS.com APN. The DNS query issent to a DNS server within core network 906, such as DNS server 930,which is provisioned to map to one or more GGSNs in core network 906.Based on the APN, the mapped GGSN 932 can access requested corporatenetwork 940. SGSN 924 then sends to GGSN 932 a Create PDP ContextRequest message that contains necessary information. GGSN 932 sends aCreate PDP Context Response message to SGSN 924, which then sends anActivate PDP Context Accept message to MS 910.

Once activated, data packets of the call made by MS 910 can then gothrough RAN 904, core network 906, and interconnect network 908, in aparticular FES/Internet 936 and firewall 1038, to reach corporatenetwork 940.

FIG. 10 illustrates a PLMN block diagram view of an example architecturethat may be replaced by a telecommunications system. In FIG. 10, solidlines may represent user traffic signals, and dashed lines may representsupport signaling. MS 1002 is the physical equipment used by the PLMNsubscriber. For example, drone 102, network device 300, the like, or anycombination thereof may serve as MS 1002. MS 1002 may be one of, but notlimited to, a cellular telephone, a cellular telephone in combinationwith another electronic device or any other wireless mobilecommunication device.

MS 1002 may communicate wirelessly with BSS 1004. BSS 1004 contains BSC1006 and a BTS 1008. BSS 1004 may include a single BSC 1006/BTS 1008pair (base station) or a system of BSC/BTS pairs that are part of alarger network. BSS 1004 is responsible for communicating with MS 1002and may support one or more cells. BSS 1004 is responsible for handlingcellular traffic and signaling between MS 1002 and a core network 1010.Typically, BSS 1004 performs functions that include, but are not limitedto, digital conversion of speech channels, allocation of channels tomobile devices, paging, or transmission/reception of cellular signals.

Additionally, MS 1002 may communicate wirelessly with RNS 1012. RNS 1012contains a Radio Network Controller (RNC) 1014 and one or more Nodes B1016. RNS 1012 may support one or more cells. RNS 1012 may also includeone or more RNC 1014/Node B 1016 pairs or alternatively a single RNC1014 may manage multiple Nodes B 1016. RNS 1012 is responsible forcommunicating with MS 1002 in its geographically defined area. RNC 1014is responsible for controlling Nodes B 1016 that are connected to it andis a control element in a UMTS radio access network. RNC 1014 performsfunctions such as, but not limited to, load control, packet scheduling,handover control, security functions, or controlling MS 1002 access tocore network 1010.

An E-UTRA Network (E-UTRAN) 1018 is a RAN that provides wireless datacommunications for MS 1002 and UE 1024. E-UTRAN 1018 provides higherdata rates than traditional UMTS. It is part of the LTE upgrade formobile networks, and later releases meet the requirements of theInternational Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) Advanced and are commonlyknown as a 4G networks. E-UTRAN 1018 may include of series of logicalnetwork components such as E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) 1020 and E-UTRAN Node B(eNB) 1022. E-UTRAN 1018 may contain one or more eNBs. User equipment(UE) 1024 may be any mobile device capable of connecting to E-UTRAN 1018including, but not limited to, a personal computer, laptop, mobiledevice, wireless router, or other device capable of wirelessconnectivity to E-UTRAN 1018. The improved performance of the E-UTRAN1018 relative to a typical UMTS network allows for increased bandwidth,spectral efficiency, and functionality including, but not limited to,voice, high-speed applications, large data transfer or IPTV, while stillallowing for full mobility.

Typically, MS 1002 may communicate with any or all of BSS 1004, RNS1012, or E-UTRAN 1018. In an illustrative system, each of BSS 1004, RNS1012, and E-UTRAN 1018 may provide MS 1002 with access to core network1010. Core network 1010 may include of a series of devices that routedata and communications between end users. Core network 1010 may providenetwork service functions to users in the circuit switched (CS) domainor the packet switched (PS) domain. The CS domain refers to connectionsin which dedicated network resources are allocated at the time ofconnection establishment and then released when the connection isterminated. The PS domain refers to communications and data transfersthat make use of autonomous groupings of bits called packets. Eachpacket may be routed, manipulated, processed or handled independently ofall other packets in the PS domain and does not require dedicatednetwork resources.

The circuit-switched MGW function (CS-MGW) 1026 is part of core network1010 and interacts with VLR/MSC server 1028 and GMSC server 1030 inorder to facilitate core network 1010 resource control in the CS domain.Functions of CS-MGW 1026 include, but are not limited to, mediaconversion, bearer control, payload processing or other mobile networkprocessing such as handover or anchoring. CS-MGW 1026 may receiveconnections to MS 1002 through BSS 1004 or RNS 1012.

SGSN 1032 stores subscriber data regarding MS 1002 in order tofacilitate network functionality. SGSN 1032 may store subscriptioninformation such as, but not limited to, the IMSI, temporary identities,or PDP addresses. SGSN 1032 may also store location information such as,but not limited to, GGSN address for each GGSN 1034 where an active PDPexists. GGSN 1034 may implement a location register function to storesubscriber data it receives from SGSN 1032 such as subscription orlocation information.

Serving gateway (S-GW) 1036 is an interface which provides connectivitybetween E-UTRAN 1018 and core network 1010. Functions of S-GW 1036include, but are not limited to, packet routing, packet forwarding,transport level packet processing, or user plane mobility anchoring forinter-network mobility. PCRF 1038 uses information gathered from P-GW1036, as well as other sources, to make applicable policy and chargingdecisions related to data flows, network resources or other networkadministration functions. PDN gateway (PDN-GW) 1040 may provideuser-to-services connectivity functionality including, but not limitedto, GPRS/EPC network anchoring, bearer session anchoring and control, orIP address allocation for PS domain connections.

HSS 1042 is a database for user information and stores subscription dataregarding MS 1002 or UE 1024 for handling calls or data sessions.Networks may contain one HSS 1042 or more if additional resources arerequired. Example data stored by HSS 1042 include, but is not limitedto, user identification, numbering or addressing information, securityinformation, or location information. HSS 1042 may also provide call orsession establishment procedures in both the PS and CS domains.

VLR/MSC Server 1028 provides user location functionality. When MS 1002enters a new network location, it begins a registration procedure. A MSCserver for that location transfers the location information to the VLRfor the area. A VLR and MSC server may be located in the same computingenvironment, as is shown by VLR/MSC server 1028, or alternatively may belocated in separate computing environments. A VLR may contain, but isnot limited to, user information such as the IMSI, the Temporary MobileStation Identity (TMSI), the Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI), thelast known location of the mobile station, or the SGSN where the mobilestation was previously registered. The MSC server may containinformation such as, but not limited to, procedures for MS 1002registration or procedures for handover of MS 1002 to a differentsection of core network 1010. GMSC server 1030 may serve as a connectionto alternate GMSC servers for other MSs in larger networks.

EIR 1044 is a logical element which may store the IMEI for MS 1002. Userequipment may be classified as either “white listed” or “blacklisted”depending on its status in the network. If MS 1002 is stolen and put touse by an unauthorized user, it may be registered as “blacklisted” inEIR 1044, preventing its use on the network. A MME 1046 is a controlnode which may track MS 1002 or UE 1024 if the devices are idle.Additional functionality may include the ability of MME 1046 to contactidle MS 1002 or UE 1024 if retransmission of a previous session isrequired.

As described herein, a telecommunications system wherein management andcontrol utilizing a software defined network (SDN) and a simple IP arebased, at least in part, on user equipment, may provide a wirelessmanagement and control framework that enables common wireless managementand control, such as mobility management, radio resource management,QoS, load balancing, etc., across many wireless technologies, e.g. LTE,Wi-Fi, and future 5G access technologies; decoupling the mobilitycontrol from data planes to let them evolve and scale independently;reducing network state maintained in the network based on user equipmenttypes to reduce network cost and allow massive scale; shortening cycletime and improving network upgradability; flexibility in creatingend-to-end services based on types of user equipment and applications,thus improve customer experience; or improving user equipment powerefficiency and battery life—especially for simple M2M devices—throughenhanced wireless management.

While examples of a telecommunications system in which emergency alertscan be processed and managed have been described in connection withvarious computing devices/processors, the underlying concepts may beapplied to any computing device, processor, or system capable offacilitating a telecommunications system. The various techniquesdescribed herein may be implemented in connection with hardware orsoftware or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, themethods and devices may take the form of program code (i.e.,instructions) embodied in concrete, tangible, storage media having aconcrete, tangible, physical structure. Examples of tangible storagemedia include floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, hard drives, or any othertangible machine-readable storage medium (computer-readable storagemedium). Thus, a computer-readable storage medium is not a signal. Acomputer-readable storage medium is not a transient signal. Further, acomputer-readable storage medium is not a propagating signal. Acomputer-readable storage medium as described herein is an article ofmanufacture. When the program code is loaded into and executed by amachine, such as a computer, the machine becomes a device fortelecommunications. In the case of program code execution onprogrammable computers, the computing device will generally include aprocessor, a storage medium readable by the processor (includingvolatile or nonvolatile memory or storage elements), at least one inputdevice, and at least one output device. The program(s) can beimplemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. The languagecan be a compiled or interpreted language, and may be combined withhardware implementations.

The methods and devices associated with a telecommunications system asdescribed herein also may be practiced via communications embodied inthe form of program code that is transmitted over some transmissionmedium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics,or via any other form of transmission, wherein, when the program code isreceived and loaded into and executed by a machine, such as an EPROM, agate array, a programmable logic device (PLD), a client computer, or thelike, the machine becomes an device for implementing telecommunicationsas described herein. When implemented on a general-purpose processor,the program code combines with the processor to provide a unique devicethat operates to invoke the functionality of a telecommunicationssystem.

While a telecommunications system has been described in connection withthe various examples of the various figures, it is to be understood thatother similar implementations may be used or modifications and additionsmay be made to the described examples of a telecommunications systemwithout deviating therefrom. For example, one skilled in the art willrecognize that a telecommunications system as described in the instantapplication may apply to any environment, whether wired or wireless, andmay be applied to any number of such devices connected via acommunications network and interacting across the network. Therefore, atelecommunications system as described herein should not be limited toany single example, but rather should be construed in breadth and scopein accordance with the appended claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A traffic control system, comprising: an edgecomputing node comprising a processing system and a memory that storesexecutable instructions that, when executed by the processing system,facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:identifying a priority vehicle approaching a vehicle intersection;receiving sensor data from sensors near the vehicle intersection; basedon the sensor data, controlling a first traffic light to enable a firstportion of vehicle traffic at the vehicle intersection to disperse; and;based on the sensor data, controlling a second traffic light to stop asecond portion of traffic at the vehicle intersection to enable thepriority vehicle to traverse the intersection.
 2. The traffic controlsystem of claim 1, wherein the receiving the sensor data comprises:receiving image data.
 3. The traffic control system of claim 2, whereinthe receiving image data comprises: receiving an image of a vehiclelicense plate on a vehicle near the vehicle intersection.
 4. The trafficcontrol system of claim 1, wherein the receiving the sensor datacomprises: receiving a wireless transmission from a vehicle near thevehicle intersection; and identifying the vehicle based on the wirelesstransmission.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations furthercomprise: based on the sensor data, sending information or instructionsto one or more vehicles near the vehicle intersection.
 6. The system ofclaim 5, wherein the sending information or instructions to one or morevehicles comprises: sending instructions to an autonomous vehicle, theinstructions operative to control a movement of the autonomous vehicle.7. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:retrieving a vehicle profile for one or more vehicles near the vehicleintersection; and predicting a vehicle movement, wherein the predictingis based on the vehicle profile.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving image data from one or moresensors near the vehicle intersection; and identifying a vehicle,wherein the identifying is based on the image data.
 9. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the identifying a vehicle comprises: identifying, inthe image data, a vehicle license plate of the vehicle; and identifyingthe vehicle based on the vehicle license plate.
 10. A method comprising:determining, by a processing system including a processor, a trafficsolution to enable a first vehicle to traverse an intersection, thetraffic solution identifying a plurality of traffic lanes at theintersection; based on the traffic solution, controlling, by theprocessing system, first respective traffic lights in respective trafficlanes of the plurality of traffic lanes to enable first vehicles in afirst traffic lane of the plurality of traffic lanes to disperse; andcontrolling, by the processing system, second respective traffic lightsto cause second vehicles in a second traffic lane to stop.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, by the processingsystem, sensor data from sensors near the vehicle intersection; anddetermining, by the processing system, the traffic solution based on thesensor data.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: sending, bythe processing system, instructions to one or more vehicles near thevehicle intersection, wherein the sending information is based on thesensor data.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: sending, bythe processing system, instructions to an autonomous vehicle, theinstructions operative to control a movement of the autonomous vehicle.14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: identifying, by theprocessing system, at least some vehicles of the first vehicles and thesecond vehicles, wherein the identifying is based on the sensor data;retrieving, by the processing system, driving profiles for the at leastsome vehicles, wherein the retrieving is based on the identifying the atleast some vehicles; and determining, by the processing system, thetraffic solution based on the driving profiles.
 15. The method of claim14, further comprising: collecting, by the processing system, sensordata comprising feedback indicative of effects of the traffic solution;and updating, by the processing system, the driving profiles for the atleast some vehicles, wherein the updating is based on the feedback. 16.The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining, by theprocessing system, a subsequent traffic solution, wherein thedetermining the subsequent traffic solution is based the trafficsolution and the feedback.
 17. A non-transitory machine-readable medium,comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processingsystem including a processor, facilitate performance of operations, theoperations comprising: receiving sensor data from a plurality of sensorsin a vicinity of an intersection, determining a traffic solution toenable a first vehicle to traverse the intersection, the trafficsolution identifying a traffic lane, a first traffic light and a secondtraffic light; based on the traffic solution, controlling the firsttraffic light to disperse a first traffic in the traffic lane; and basedon the traffic solution, controlling the second traffic light to stop asecond traffic in an adjacent traffic lane.
 18. The non-transitorymachine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the operations furthercomprise: based on the sensor data, sending instructions to one or moreautonomous vehicles near the vehicle intersection, the instructionsoperable to control movement of the one or more autonomous vehicles. 19.The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein theoperations further comprise: based on the sensor data, identifying atleast one first vehicle in the first traffic and at least one secondvehicle in the second traffic; retrieving vehicle profiles for the atleast one first vehicle and the at least one second vehicle; based onthe vehicle profiles, predicting behavior of the at least one firstvehicle and the at least one second vehicle; and based on the predictingbehavior, determining the traffic solution.
 20. The non-transitorymachine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the operations furthercomprise: collecting sensor data, the sensor data comprising feedbackindicative of effects of the traffic solution; updating the vehicleprofiles for the at least one first vehicle and the at least one secondvehicle, wherein the updating is based on the feedback; and determininga subsequent traffic solution, wherein the determining the subsequenttraffic solution is based the traffic solution and the feedback.